河南吉NamgilHa , 吳東燮DongsoupOh

DOI:

Abstract

The object of this study is to investigate the objective conception of an educational ideology -Athleticism - in English public schools during the second half of the nineteenth century. Athleticism was not merely a term signifying a liking for healthy outdoor activities : to use Robert Nisbet’s striking phrase, it was "a neologism born of moral passion" operating at the level of an educational ideology. Through it, Team games was indulged in considerably and compulsorily in the belief that it was highly effective means of inculcating valuable instrumental and expressive goals the famous ingredients of "character training" The frame of athleticism as an educational ideology was constructed in three factors : firstly gentlemanship of moral principles ; secondly muscular Christianity of religious principles; lastly imperialistic royalty of political principles, But Gentlemanship is the primary ideal of athleticism. By the end of the nineteenth century a gentleman had to be chivalrous, or at least if he were not he was fully a gentleman, Gentleman was brave, straightforward and honourable, loyal to his monarch, country and his friends, unfailingly true to his word. He was fearless in war and on the hunting field, and excelled at all manly sports. He was an honourable opponent and a good loser; he play the game for the pleasure of playing not win. Certain beliefs were accepted by most mid-Victorian headmasters like Vaughan of Harrow, Cotton of Marlborough and Thring of Uppingham who prompted games at schools. The concept of gentleman and sportsman becomes interchangeable through athleticism and an ideal of athleticism was gentlemanship. Through access to the schools and universities and their organized games, the sons of the aspiring middle classes learned the vocabulary of respectability and behaviour of the ‘gentleman-amateur’. These elements, in conjunction with aspects of a classical education, were necessary for success in upper class society and games were the core of this culture. The pivotal link in the relationship between games and the ideal of the "Gentleman" was Athleticism, an educational ideology which upheld of the efficacy of the games field for the development of certain moral qualities, in particular honesty, straightforwardness, honour, manners, devotion, kindness, courage etc.

Key Words

모창배MoChang-Bae

DOI:

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate how difference in residential areas(urban areas vs agricultural districts) of Koreans is related to their sense of leisure activities and types of their participation in such activities. A study of this sort is useful and conducive to rearing of healthy and sound citizens in both mind and soul in that, leisure activity is a major means to reduce various kind of stresses from daily life and an useful aid to seek after the higher quality of human life. It is generally agreed by most of scholars that leisure activity is an important resource for enhancing the quality of life in human life. But the term `leisure` has not been defined and measured in specific and objective manner in most of prior studies. So it cannot be denied that subjective judgment of researchers has greatly influenced the research design and the interpretation of research findings. Furthermore, the methods of defining and measuring variables or factors affecting leisure and its activities in very objective way are seriously needed for securing research objectivity because most of such variables are of a very psychological and subjective: nature. In this study, economic variables which are considered as most objective are included as major independent variables in addition to socio-demographic ones. The types of participation in leisure activities are classified as (1) goods -intensive leisure; participation type (2) time and goods-intensive leisure: recreation type and (3) time-intensive leisure; audience or spectator type. The research findings are : (1) The result of ANOVA for multiple linear regression analysis by full model of effects of economic: and socio-demo graphic variables on types of leisure participation show very high goodness of fit of the model in all leisure participation types. (2) Both types of active participation and recreation are characteristic of individual`s active involvement in leisure activity but audience and spectator type is quite passive. (3) In sum, the result of analysis of this study shows that the more active, the more positive, and the more participatory type of leisure tend to lead to the higher degree of quality of life.

Key Words

김숙자KimSook-Ja , 김양례KimYang-Rea

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the satisfaction of TV sports program’s producer and audience. That is, this study was to investigate and analyze the satisfaction of TV sports program’s producer and audience by comparing the amount of broadcasting, the schedule of broadcasting, variety of sports events, speciality of casters and commentators, and interest. For the convenient, the TV sports program was divided into two areas: relay broadcasting and news. The subjects of the study were 86 TV sports program’s producers who were working at Seoul area and 166 audience who were over 10 year old aged, living in Seoul area. Statistics employed for data analysis were one way ANOVA. Based on the produres and results, the following conclusions were warranted: First, the satisfaction of TV sports program’s producer and audience on sports relay broadcasting show statistically significant difference. That is, the audience had a higher satisfaction than producer on sports relay broadcasting. Second, the satisfaction of TV sports programs producer and audience on sports news was also very significant difference. That is, the audience had a higher satisfaction than producer on sports news.

Key Words

姜鍾求ChongKooKang , 卜瑄模SunMoBok

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency. For this study, the self-report questionnaires were administered to total sample of 669 high school students in Chunbuk Province. The study sought to compare and analyze the level of delinquency between an experienced person in sports participation and nonexperienced, the difference of the level of delinquency according to degree of sports participation, and according to sex and social class. The following findings are summarized. 1. The level of home and social life delinquency of an experienced person in sports participation is less than of nonexperienced. There is no difference in the level of school life dilinquency between an experienced person in sports participation and nonexperienced. There is no difference in the level of school life dilinquency between an experienced person in sports participation and nonexperienced. And there is no difference in the level of home, school life delinquency among the degree of sports participation. But the level of social life delinquency is less in the group of high degree of sports participation. 2. The level of home and school life delinquency of an experienced male in sports participation is less than of nonexperienced, but there is no difference in the level of social life delinquency. The level of school life delinquency of an experienced female in sports participation is than that of nonexperienced. There is no difference in the level of home and social life delinquency between an experienced female in sports participation and nonexperienced. 3. There is a difference in the level of school life dilinquency in the upper class students. In the middle and lower class students, there is a difference of home and school life delinquency. Participation in sports activities has a positive influence on socialization process of participants. So, that sports participants can formulate and further develope socially desirable value, attitude and behavior has been a subject of discussion for many years. Sport has been regarded as the efficient activity in prevention and reduction of juvenile delinquency and solution of juvenile problem.

Key Words

고영규YounggyuKo

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

김기웅Kee-WoongKim , 이혜숙Hae-SookLee , 곽은정Eun-JungKwak , 진성태Sung-TaeJin

DOI:

Abstract

Based on Bernsteinian theoretical tenets of motor control and learning, differences in the mode of movement control in terms of spatial and temporal constraints were compared as a function of skill level. It was postulated that significant differences would exist between the skilled and the unskilled performers in spatial and temporal constraints in performing a bowling movement. Throwing movements of three national-level elite bowlers and three novice bowlers were cinematographically analyzed using high-speed camera and motion analyzer. Both temporal and angular characteristics (i.e.: duration of respective movement phase, instantaneous angles, standard deviations of angular change, and the absolute magnitude of change in segmental angles as a function of four movement phases) of bowling movements of right arm(shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint) were computed for use to represent the coordination mode, i.e., temporal and spatial constraints imposed on body segments involved in the execution of bowling movement. Analyses of data revealed that : 1) the duration of the first movement phase was significantly longer for the unskilled bowlers as compared to the skilled bowlers ; 2) the instantaneous angles of wrist and elbow were significantly different between the skilled and unskilled at the third, the fourth, and the fifth movement phase, and at the fifth movement phase, respectively ; 3) the standard deviations of the angular changes in wrist and shoulder joints differed significantly between the skilled and the unskilled bowlers at the fourth and in total angles, respectively ; 4) the absolute amount of angular changes at the wrist and shoulder joint were significantly different at the second, the third, and the fourth movement phases, and at the fourth movement phase only, respectively. In total, these results suggested that the temporal as well as spatial constraints imposed on body segments in the performance of movements change drastically as skill level increases, thus lending a strong support to the Bernsteinian theory.

Key Words

김도연KimDoYeon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide necessary information for the guidance of health education in the university. It also attempts to clarify how physical fitness related health of freshman relate between psychological traits and differences among test variables. The student studied comprised 112 students (73 men, 39 women) in the K university. 12 test variables were used in the study, including 3 variables for physique, 5 for physical fitness related health and 4 for psychological traits. In order to find difference from each other and relate to test variables, t-valve, pearson`s correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis method were applied. The conclusion of this study is as follows: First. In physique as compared to man and woman, he has greater height stand, weight body and chest girth. Second. In correlation of physical fitness related health and psychological trains, the test variables of man is independent and woman is dependent. Third. In physique, a larger relative chest girth is desirable for man and a larger loner fat is for woman. Fourth. In the effect of physical fitness related health on psychological traits, psychological traits were effected by strength endurance, flexibility, body composition and endurance. Fifth. In order to predict self-esteem, physical fitness of man is endurance and woman is strength endurance. To sum up the above, at the university, it is necessary that health education develop physical fitness such as strength endurance, endurance and body composition.

Key Words

白東基DongkiBaik

DOI:

Abstract

This study made a survey of the "Technical trend in Man`s gymnasts of parallel liars through eight world players from Jan. 1,1994 to Des 31, 1994 and the conclusion is drawn as follows. 1. According to the analysis on performance composition, total technique actions(98 times) average is 12.3times eight by players. 61.9%(7.6times)was composed of "swing through support technique: 15.4%(1.9times)was composed of "strength and hold pats"; 11.4%(1.4times)consist of "swings through upper arm Hang technique"; 11.4%(1.4times)consist of "Long hang swings technique." 2. According o the analysis on performance difficulty first, 11-13 actions are more often performed than l0actions of F.I.G regular difficulty(1D, 2C, 3B. 4A). Make comparison by individuals, player H.L: 2E, 2D, 6C, 3A, player J.J.S: 3E, 1D, 5C, 1B, 3A, player S. V: 2D, 7C, 2B, 2A, player V.A: 2D, 5C, 3B, 3A,(13 factors), player L.X: 2E, 1D, 6C, 3A, T.H: 2E, 3D, 3C, 2A (12factors), player C.R: lE, 1D, 6C, 3A, player K.I: 2D, 6C, 2B, lA(llfactors). Asian-players H.L, L.X, J.J.S, T.H performed high level difficulty while European players S.V, C.R, K.I, V,A, performed middle difficulty. And they showed the difference of techniques. second, raised difficulty by direct connection. it was used for types 11 times and C difficulty was upgraded to D difficulty.

Key Words

은희관

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to invastigate the effect of the participating levels into exercise and exercise conditions on the changes of Interferon-γ(INF-γ) and Interluckin-2(IL-2) Which were cytokines activating immune body. The subjects in this study were all 21 females who were 7 athletes, 7 majors in physical education, and 7 non- exercise students in general departments. They were selected by random sampling in consideration of menstrual luteal- phase to minimize the effect of mensturation. The independent variables of this study included the type of participation in exercise, and conditions(rest, all-out, recovery), the dependent variables were INF-γand IL-2 to evaluate subject`s immune activation by exercise. All data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis in MANOVA of SPSS and the level of criticial was p＜.05. The following conclusion were made: 1. On heart rate, Athletes were shown the highest at just after exercise, but the lowest level at rest and recovery time. 2. On INF-γ, Athletes group was shown that the highest at rest and recovery time, and the lowest level at just after exercise, that the natual of group had an effect on the change in interferon-γ. 3. The natual of group and exercise intensity did not exert an significant effect on IL-2. In conclusion, it was shown that the extent of exercise participation had an effect on the change in INF-γ, but condition of exercise intensity slid not affect the change all immune bodies.

Key Words

유진YooJin , 장덕선ChangDuk-Sun

DOI:

Abstract

The present study involved in-depth interviews to identify mental preparation strategies for best performance that Korean Olympic athletes in opened and closed sports used during their practice and training periods. 13 Olympic athletes in opened sports(badminton and table tennis) and 14 Olympic athletes in closed sports(shooting and archery) were selected by way of the purposeful sampling. They were ranging from the Olympic gold medalists to those of the World Championship. Mental preparation strategies of athletes were examined by prepared interview questions and their responses were all recorded. The recorded statements were inductively examined throughout the eight steps: making a script based on the record, poring over the script, classification and review, selection of quotation and data, categorization, check on the interviewees and classification, reducing the data, quantitative analysis. The result creates three major perspectives with regard to mental preparation for best performance: general preparation, training preparation, and cognitive preparation. General preparation included 27% of raw data which were classified into 7 categories and 4 dimensions(self and life management, responsibility, positive thought, social support). The training preparation consisted of 33% raw data which were classified as 8 categories and 3 dimensions(qualitative training, effort /beliefs, skill analysis). Cognitive psychological strategies included 40% raw data which were classified into 9 categories and 4 dimensions(imagery, goal setting, confidence, mental relaxed). Although some consistency existed in terms of dimensional factors, a lot of differences were also found in responses between athletes in opened and closed sports when comparisons were made by looking into quantitative categorical data. The differences in each mental preparation categories were discussed in terms of skill characteristics and Korean spiritual perspectives, and some suggestions were provided for future study.

Key Words

위승두WeeSeung-Doo

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the effects of long-term training on the lipid (triglyceride, cholesterol) and lipoprotein(HDL-cholesterol). The subjects consisted of 9 junior female basketball players. (exercise career, three months: A group) and 6 athletes (exercise career, fifteen months: B group) and 12 junior school girls as control group(C group) who all were about thirteen years old. Both athlete groups(A,B group) continued to participate in six month training and their blood samples were collected at pre, mid(after three month) and post(after six month). The control subjects donated their blood at pre and post(after six month). The collected blood were analyzed for the triglyceride, cholesterol, High density lipoprotein cholesterol and HDL-C /TC ratio. The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follow: 1. The pre-levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in the athlete groups, especially in B group were lower than those in Non-athlete group(P＜0.01). The HDL-C level and HDL-C /TC ratio were the highest in B group among three groups(P＜0.05). 2. HDL-C level and HDL-C /TC ratio in both athlete groups, especially in A group were significantly decreased after three and six months(P＜0.01) while in control group all items were not changed. This result indicates that triglyceride cholesterol in pre-adolescent girl can be significantly changed by three month training and the change of HDL-C needs more long term training(more than three month).

Key Words

고영완KoYoungWan , 김민현KimMinHyun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive relaxation training on the variation of catecholamine in the recovering stage after maximal exercise. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the progressive relaxation group and the static rest group. In order to analyze the variation of catecholamine(epinephrine, norepinephrine), 10㏄ of blood was gathered for each subject under 5 phrase such as resting, right after all-out, 10min, 20min, and 30min after all-out. The results showed that there were significant changes in epinephrine(relaxation & static groups, P＜0.01: time, P＜0.001; relaxation & static groups interaction, P＜0.05) and norepinephrine(relaxation & static groups, P＜0.01; time, P＜0.001: relaxation & static groups interaction, P＞0.05). In conclusion, the progressive relaxation training resulted as thr relaxation group was superior in decreasing epinephrine to the static group, howerer both groups showed no significant difference about norepinephrine.

Key Words

최석준ChoiSuckJun

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to find the effect of endurance training on deterioration of muscle function. Sprague -Dawley(body weight 240-250g)rats were used this study. Endurance training of experimental group was executed 5 days per week for 8 weeks and control group was not trained. After endurance training, the hindlimb of rats was suspended to evoke muscles atrophy for 7 days. Muscle functions were measured by muscle weight, contraction time(CT), half relaxation time (HRT), maximum twitch tension(Pt), maximum tetanic tension(Po), and fatigue index(FI). The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no significant change of body weight within two groups, but weight of soleus muscle in experimental group lesser decreased than that of control group(P＜.01). 2. The contraction time of experimental group on soleus muscle was more lengthened than that of control group and the twitch tension, tetanic tension, fatigue index of experimental group on soleus muscle was higher than that of control group(P＜.01). 3. There was no significant difference of contractile properties of medial gastrocnemius within two groups, except for fatigue index. The fatigue index of experimental group was higher than that of control group(P＜.01). These results showed that the endurance training effect on prevention of deteriorating muscle function on slow twitch muscle fiber. Further study need to find the training method and training program that effect on fast twitch muscle fiber.

Key Words

유병열ByungRyulYoo , 황수관SooKwanHwang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bicycle exercise on physical fitness and blood components in the middle aged women. Twelve females were selected as subjects and then divided into two groups: the experimental group (n=5) and the control group (n=7). The experimental group were trained about 40 ㎞ per week and for 20 wks by bicycling. Both groups were tested by using the Astrand incremental cycle ergometer protocol. 2 ×3 ANOVA with repeated measure was performed for data analysis at the 0.05 level of significance. After a 20 wk period of bicycle training, VO₂max, total cycling time, and sargent pump in the experimental group were higher than control group (P＜0.05). However, no significant differences in flexion, grip and leg strength, lactate concentration and heart rate were shown, In terms of blood components, only hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in the experimental group (P＜0.05). In conclusion, even though there was no significant decrease in blood lipid profile after bicycle exercise, cycling has a beneficial effect on improving physical fitness level in the riddle aged women.

Key Words

장인현ChangIn-Hyun , 안나영AhnNa-Young

DOI:

Abstract

The aim of this study is to provide the figure skating with the data for the scientific training. Subjects were consisted of 10 members of figure skaters in Taegu city whose average age were 17. The forms of figure skating included the long-duration exercise and short-duration one. Compulsory figure, Jump, Spin, and Step were included in the former, and Forward skating, Crossing and Free skating in the latter. The exercise intensity according to Heart rate(HR), VO₂max and Energy cost(EC) in each skating forms were analyzed, and the results were as follows: 1. In the treadmill test, HRmax was 192.4bpm, and VO₂max was 53.49㎖·㎏^-1·min^-1. AT was begun to be seen at 88.9%HRmax and 70.1%VO₂max. 2. Free skating showed the highest exercise intensity including 99.5%HRmax, 85.0%VO₂max and 98.8%ECmax. 3. In the long-duration exercise, the range of AT was 88.3∼88.8%HRmax and 65.8∼69.4%VO₂ max, and that of energy cost was 93.2∼98.7%ECmax. 4. The intensity in the short-duration exercise was considered 78.8∼82.5% HRmax, 48.55∼62.1%VO₂max and 48.4∼66.1%ECmax.

Key Words

李福煥LeeBockHwan

DOI:

Abstract

The results of this study through research method and data analysis was as follows: 1. In the case of physical fitness, 10M shuttle run were all significant in the between two groups, the time progress of pre-post, and the interaction effects of groups and pre-post. Standing broad jumps was significant in the time progress of pre-post. But chin up and sit up were all no significant in the between two groups, the time progress and the interaction effects of groups and pre-post. Moreover, in the case of measurement values of pre-post, generally there were no large changes, but control group was generally increase more than experimental group in measurement values. 2. In the case of protein component, there were all significant, that is, total protein in the time progress of pre-post, albumin and globulin in the time progress of pre-post, in the interaction effects of groups and pre-post. Besides, total protein, albumin, globulin were to all increase, but albumin showed a tendency to decrease in control group. 3. In the case of enzyme component, LDH and GOT were significant in the interaction effects of groups and pre-post, but other enzyme component was no significant. Moreover, all enzyme component was to increase in experimental group but control group showed a tendency to decrease. 4. The navy who was on duty in naval vessels showed a tendency to suffer stress more than otherwise, that is, the more age was much, the more educational level was high, the more marriage was, the more duty time was long, the more work was much, the more rank was high. Moreover, they didn`t suffer stress in the fear about sea, the collision of naval vessels, sinking etc., but they showed a tendency to suffer above 80% stress in otherwise naval vessels environmental factors,

Key Words

김학렬KimHag-Lyeol , 조현철ChoHyun-Chul

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

김시덕KimSi-Duk

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to compare the relationship between %HRmax and %VO₂max in Korean middle school boys. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that 55%, 70%, 85% and 90% of HRmax may be used as indices of respective levels of %VO₂max for the general adult population. The current study evaluated this relationship in healthy young boys. Twenty middle school boys (13.5±0.06 years) performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion using Bruce protocol. The mean linear regression equation of % HR max and VO₂max was: %HR max=(0.506±0.06) % VO₂max+45.95, with r=0.977. The mean percentage of HR max were 68.3%, 75.1%, 84.4%, and 86.9% at 40%, 60%, 80%, and 85% of VO₂max, respectively. At the 40 and 60% of VO₂max, the values obtained for % HR max were sifnificantly greater than those used by the ACSM. These reselts suggest that further studies are needed to develop target heart rates related with the respective levels of % VO₂max for young boys.

Key Words

정성태 , 박계순 , 진영수 , 조수현 , 홍기영

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

李康玉Kang-OkLee

DOI:

Abstract

Athletes` motor performance is usually affected by the amount of energy supplied to them and the time and manner in which it is supplied. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not application of a clinically prescribed herb medicine produces a high metabolic rate and promotes motor-revealing capacity in the body system. Subjects each undergo a routine C. B. C test and blood chemical test after they 5 ㏄ of blood is drawn from the antecubital vein with disposable syringes, which were all disinfected with heparin. Paired T-tests are given to test results, using the IBM PC and SAS package programs. Significant difference in every item is verified in the level of α=0.01 and some items also show significant difference within the level of α=0.001. Test results are seen in the following: 1. As to muscular strength, a significant difference in exercise tolerance and motor-revealing; capacity is seen after each subject takes two chartulae of a clinically prescribed herb medicine. 2. As to power, bloodless or lethargic athletes show a significant difference after each subject takes three chartulae of a clinically prescribed herb medicine. 3. Routine C. B. C, glucose, triglyceride and protein speed up exercise tolerance after each subject takes two chartulae of a clinically prescribed herb medicine. 4. Routine C. B. C, hemoglobin, hematocrit and glucose promote exercise tolerance and a significant difference is shown after each subject takes three chartulae of a clinically prescribed herb medicine.

Key Words

김현수KimHyunSoo , 김재호KimJeaHo , 차광석ChaKwangSuk , 송종일SongJongIl

DOI:

Abstract

To investigate the effects of age and habitual exercise status, anthropometric and aerobic capacity were measured in two age groups(43.2 ±2.1 vs 68.1 ±4.7 yr). Fifty-three volunteers participated in this study. Subjects grouped by the age and trained status classified into four groups: older exercise group(OE, n=21): older control group(OC, n=12); middle-aged exercise group(ME, n=10) : and middle-aged control group(MC, n=10). T-test and repeated one-way ANOVA were performed to determine any differences among the means of each variable across the 4 groups. The results of anthropometric and physiological measurement were compared among each groups. The elderly had more adipose tissue, less muscle mass, and lower HRmax than the young (all, p＜0.05). The maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)) of the OE was similar with that of MC. The respiratory function parameters measured, i.e., forced vital capacity(FVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation(MVV) were higher in OE than OC(p＜0.05). Mean VO_(2max)(㎖/㎏/min) was signficantly(p＜0.05) lower in OC(25.2±9.6) compared to the OE(38.4±3.8). Both VT(㎖/㎏/min) and O₂pulse·max were significantly(p＜0.05) higher in OE than OC. The results suggest that maintenance of regular physical activity significantly counteracts the loss of aerobic capacity. Furthermore, the mild intensity as habitual climing could be an adequate stimulus for cardiorespiratory in older individuals.

Key Words

오인석OhInSuk

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine the functional capacity of boxers with regard to anaerobic power outputs, heart rate, and lactate(La) responses. Fifteen male boxers(age: 17yr) ranging in mean weight from 52.6㎏ to 76.8㎏ volunteered as subjects and classified as light weight( G₁), middle weight( G₂), and heavy weight( G₃) groups on the basis that they participated in an boxing event. All subjects were well trained and competitive boxers at the high school level. The results of Wingate Anaerobic Power Test(WAPT) demonstrated that mean power outputs in G₁, G₂, and G₃, were 412.0watt, 552watt, and 592.7watt, respectively and significantly greater in G₃. When expressed as body weight(watt/㎏), however, there were no significant differences among the groups. On heart rate(HR) evaluation, both heart rate at rest and after WAPT showed no significant differences. In terms of recovery rate of HR. G₁, G₂, and G₃group showed 75.75%, 88.95%, and 75.79%, respectively. Max La concentration in G₁, G₂, and G₃were 5.77mmol /ℓ, 6. 64mmo1 /ℓ, and 6.38mmol /ℓ, respectively and generally achieved at the recovery time of 3 and 6 min. Within the limitations of this study the following are suggestions of some areas which need further investigations: 1) Further studies are needed to determine the age, weight, and training related differences of anaerobic power outputs in boxers. This could provide more accurate information for the evaluation and prescription of boxer`s training to improve their performance. 2) Also, more studies are required to diminish the fatigue of boxers in terms of HR and La.

Key Words

趙成彩ChoSung-Chae

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine the psychosomatic health state of longtime sailors and illuminate what factors make effect on their health. The data were collected from 682 sailors and the instrument was Todai Health Index(THI). The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. As to the symptoms of mind and body of longtime sailors, nervousness made the highted score and followed by irregular life, live scale, aggressiveness, mental irritability, impulsiveness, multiplus subject symptom, depression, digestive, eye and skin, respiratory, and mouse and anus. 2. Before and after boarding, they showed significant difference in the score of respiratory, compared with those of live scale, mental irritability and irregular life. 3. As to their departments, they showed similar scores, but the department of engine showed relatively higher scores in eight items. 4. The more frequency of sports participarion they took, the less score of symptoms they showed. This proves that exercise makes good effect on health. 5. Before boarding, frequency of sports participation resolved in significant difference only as to multiple subjective symptom. 6. When boarding, the sores of all physical symptoms and those of mental irritability, depression, nervousness and irregular life of mental symptoms deponded on whether they took part in exercise. This suggests that exercise plays crucial part in health state of longtime sailors.

Key Words

이근일LeeKeun-Eil

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gradual maximal exercise on hormone changes and energy metabolism responses during pre-exercise, all-out, post-exercise 5min, and post-exercise 30min. The subjects consisted of 22 national level male athletes including 7 sprinters, 8 middle distancers and 7 marathoners. They were given an explanation of all laboratory procedures before giving their informed agreement. They were assigned to sprinter group, middle distancer group and marathoner group. They performed the gradual maximal exercise on Monark bicycle ergometer. They pedalled with 50rpm at the beginning without load for 3 minutes and the work rate was increased 1KP per 2 minutes until all-out. The blood samplings were drawn from the antecubital vein at pre-exercise, all-out, post-exercise 5min and post-exercise 30min. As the statistic method to analyze the result of this study the two-way analyses were used that determined the significant difference among groups(ANOVA). The 0.05 level of significance was used as critical level fir retention of the study hypothesis. The main findings obtained by this study were as follows: 1. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were mare decreased in marathoner group and sprinter group than middle distancer group in all-out, but each group showed no significant change. 2. Serum insulin concentration was significantly increased in sprinter group and middle distances group in all-out, and over all it was lower in marathoner group than other groups as the experiment went on. There was a significant difference in all-out in each group. 3. Plasma catecholamine and insulin was temporarily decreased in sprinter group, but free fatty acid increased. Free fatty acid and insulin were significantly decreased in marathoner group. There was a signifficant difference: in pre-exercise and post-exercise 5min in each group. 4. Pyruvate Kinase and Creatine Kinase were increased within normal range, so there were no significant changes were found. 5. Insulin concentration was decreased or increased in each group. Glucose concentration was significantly increased in post-exercise 5min in each group. And it was recovered fairly fast after that. There was no significant difference in each group. 6. Lactate was significantly increased in pre-exercise and all-out in each group. Marathoner group and middle distancer group was decreased after that. It was significantly increased at postexercise 5 min in sprinter group. There was a significant difference in post-exercise 30min in each group. 7. Heart rate was significantly increased from pre-exercise to all-out in each group, also it was recovered significantly fast. There was a significant difference between pre-exercise and postexercise 30min in each group. The results of this study showed that increased concentrations of free fatty acid and glucose through the effective use of energy substrate in sprinter group. In addition, sprinter group showed that exercise training was associated with the less of hormones. The gradual increase of catecholamine,insulin, free fatty acid and glucose in middle distances group seem to be associated with the interaction of lipolysis hormones and antilipolysis hormones. The effects of training on marathoner group showed decrease of catecholamine, therefore free fatty acid was decreased in training.

Key Words

나재철JaeCholNa , 김종인JongInKim

DOI:

Abstract

With 14(Obesity Group: 7, Control Group: 7) female collegians who has truned 18 years old, the 120-minute treadmill walking exercise was administrated for the purpose of gaining some a basic data of sports medicine and maintaining their physical fitness, The following are the results of the experiment on their serum apolipoproteins metabolism. 1. Obesity Group had 31.76% and Control Group 21.16% in %fat. 2. During 2-hour walking on the treadmill, the former recorded a mean HR and VO₂of 145beats /min, 1.46 ℓ/min, the latter 131beats/min, 1.21ℓ/min. 3. VO₂max(㎖/㎏·min) turned out 34.9㎖ in the former and 44.76㎖ in the latter. 4. After exercise, the former group showed an increased in Apo A- I (3%) and Apo A- II non changed. 5. After the walking exercise, Obesity Group revealed a decreased in Apo B(1%), both with a statistic significance(p＜.01). 6. After the treadmill walking, Obesity Group showed a decreased in Apo C-II(9%), Apo C-III (13%). 7. After exercise, the former group a decreased in Apo B /Apo A-I ratio(4%).

Key Words

Apolipoproteins, VO₂ max(㎖/kg·min), %fat, Apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ (Apo A-Ⅰ), Apolipoprotein A-Ⅱ (Apo A-Ⅱ), Apolipoprotein B( Apo B), Apolipoprotein C-Ⅱ (Apo C-Ⅱ), Apolipoprotein C-Ⅲ (Apo C-Ⅲ)

백영수BaekYoungSoo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the character of the boi- chemical of blood, and to reveal the amount of exercise duration necessary for transferring lipid into exercise energy. The subjects were six male physical education major students whose average age, body weight, maximal heat rate and maximal oxygen uptake were 20.8 (0.78)yrs, 57.9(2.21)㎏, 197.3(5,50) beats /min and 54.3(4.20)㎖ /㎏/min, respectively. Bio-chemical parameters of blood measured were glucose, insulin, glucagon, lipoprotein lipase and free fatty acid levels. Blood samples were drawn from the anticubital vein before the exercise began and every 15minutes of 60 minutes. The amount exercise load for 60minutes at the HR came under 15% below ventilatory threthold and ventilatory threshold. The conclusions were as follows: Blood sugar levels is higher than before exercise. All things being considered, significant decreases of insulin, and significant increases of glucagon, FFA and LPL have shown to occur, respectively when measured 15minutes after starting exercise. To summarise, in order to deminish the body lipids, the recommended acute exercise duration can be at least 15minutes to be used as energy necessary for exercise as low as under 15% below ventilatory threthold and ventilatory threshold to relate among the bio-chemical correlation of blood.

Key Words

오상덕OhSang-Duk

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long time and low intensive exercise of training in 8week on the change Catecholamines and Ig M. All subjects were 8 males students on H Unive. Independent variables for the study were pre and post of training and conditions(rest, immediately exercise, and 20. 40min. after exercise), dependent value was Catecholamines and Ig M. For data analysis used MANOVA of SPSS and critical level for significance was α=0.05. The result of study can be sumrnarized as follows. 1. Catecholamines were showed significant differences according to conditions. 2. Catecholamines were showed nonsignificant differences between the pre and post Training. 3. Ig M were showed significant differences according to conditions. 4. Ig M were showed significant differences between the pre and post training at rest. But showed nonsignificant differences in other conditions. As, above results this study can suggested that long time and low intensive exercise of training in 8 week can effect the changes of Catecholamines and Ig M.

Key Words

이덕분LeeDuckBoon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was determined level of anaerobic threshold(AT) of in Korean Rhythmic Sportive Gymnasts. Bruce protocol was used to determine V˙O₂max. Physical characteristics of subjects(n=10) were in Korean Rhythmic Sportive Gymumsts aged 18±1.49(yr), of body mass 51.87±6.55(㎏), and of height 164.60±4.86(㎝). AT was estimated by using V-slope method. VO₂and VOC₂were plotted on the X and Y coordinates, and the slope of two lines were calculated. AT was determined at the point of intersection of the two slopes. The results of this study were followed: The level of AT was determined at 55.10±8.24 which was about 96.5% of VO₂max

Key Words

신갑호ShinGapHo , 박종훈ParkJongHoon , 김충태KimChungTae

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to perform the basic information for improving the skill of stretched double salto dismount on the horizontal bar. For this study, two highly skilled male gymnastics in University were selected as subjects: One performed the swing(S-1) with stretched type, and another performed the swini;(S-2) with piked type, Separately. From the cinematographic analysis, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. In down swing phase, the resultant velocities of C. O. G on S-2(2nd stage: 4.61m/s, 3rd stage: 5.96m/s) were faster than those on S-1(2nd stage: 4.24m/s, 3rd stage: ;5.82m/s). Also it showed that the hip angle of S-2( 216˚)at hip joint was the larger extension than that of S-1( 199˚) at 3rd stage. 2. In release phase, the vertical velocity of COG on S-2(4.26m/s) was faster than that on S-1(3.36m /s), but the horizontal velocity of COG on S-1(1.36m /s ) was faster than that on S 2(1.12m/s). Also, it showed that the angular velocity of S-2(306deg/s) was the faster angular movement than that of S-1(167deg/s) at hip joint. 3. In airborne phase, it showed that the vertical displacement of COG on S-2(0.14m) was the higher position than that oc. S-1(0.73m) and the flight time of S-2(1.19s) was longer than that on S-1(l.l0s). However, the hip angle of S-1( 197˚) was the larger extension than that of S-2( 166˚) at hip joint. 4. In landing phase, it showed that the resultant velocity of COG on S-2(3.53m /s) was slower than that on S-1(3.77m/s) and the horizontal displacement of COG on S-1(0.28m) was the farther displacement than that on S-2(0.58m).

Key Words

안완식AhnWanSik

DOI:

Abstract

In order to assume preciser process of the motion of the parallel bar Tippelt uprise, kinetic: displacement of a more advanced and transformed stare was observed and then in order to utilize as basic data for the improvement of game ability, a research was initiated on two of the national ehampione at home and one of the university ehampsions as its object and anlysis thereof concluded as follows. 1. It was impossible to evaluate the performance of a motion by the time taken for the entire motion, but the change in time displacement for the initial motion could have been kept on at apeedyrate according to the cireular motion of shoulder joint and hip joint when swinging down at phase S ·H. Therefore, it showed an induetion to inerease excessive extension on the shoulder joint and height escalation of hip joint. 2. It was thought as an important factor that inerease of elastieity in vertical increase motion led to the projection of body and shortening of the moment arm when releasing due to the instantenous increase using the reaction of location change of physical center from phase S ·H, to phase D v ·P. 3. The speed change of physical center quiekened the horizontal and vertical speeds at phase Rel. Therefore, it was desirable to touch the bar by increasing inertiamoment but decreasing the horizontal and vertical speeds. 4. In the performance of Tippelt uprise motion, the instantenous of shoulder joint and hip joint indicating the angular change of the greatest width from phase S ·H. to phase D v ·P, is an important factor to increase the speed of sing in ease of phase Rel. and it was indicated to be desirable to grasp the bar at a highly stable posture for physical center with enough room of time: at phase T ·B. in the performance of next motion. To summarize above, in the extension of Tippelt uprising motion at the parallel bar motion, it is possible that swing speed is increased by exceseive extension of body at phase S ·H. and motion ca be swiftly continued according to the shoulder and hip angles at phase D v ·P. At the same time, it is learned that heightening the position energy in the vertical uprise motion is an important factor to extend successfully th motion phase T ·B.

Key Words

이경옥

DOI:

Abstract

This study attemtps to figure out causes of the injuries that are incurred during aerobic dancing class. For the purpose, I surveyed three types of aerobic dancing classes -municipal hall aerobic class, commercial aerobic: class, non-profit sprots center class- around metropolitan area. Five physical factors of aerobic dancing are sorted out that seem to be closely related to body injuries. These factors consist of movement style, single practice time of each movement, number of repetition, total practice time of each movement, and each movement`s share of total practice time. In addition to these physical factors, one biomechanic factor, vertical ground-reaction force was selected. In order to measure these factors of aerobic dancing, I used video-tape recorders and force-platform. The following are main results of the survey and subsequent analyses. 1. Each aerobic class lasts a4 minutes and 26 seconds on average. 2. In municipal aerobic classes, walking, as a movement style, takes the lion`s share(36.9%) of total practice time whereas standing-up takes the largest share(44.9%) of the class time in nonprofit sports center classes. 3. Jump, the single major cause of body injury is, on average, performed for one minute and forty-six seconds in municipal aerobic classes while it is performed for one minute and four seconds and sixteen seconds in commercial aerobic classes and non-profit sports center classes respectively. 4. Total practice time for each movement style is on average as follows: standing-up and down(9 minutes and 52 seconds), running(8 minutes and 23 seconds), walking(6 minutes 44 seconds), step (6 minutes and 23 seconds), kick(1 minutes and 53 seconds), jump(1 minute and 2 seconds). 5. Average number of foot movement repetition by movement style amount to 639(running), 404 (walking), 333(step), kick(102), and jump(59) respectively. 6. The values of average vertical ground reaction force by movement style turn out to be 3.58 BW(step), 2.89 BW(running), 2.60 BW(kick), 2.29(jump), and 2.29 BW(walking) respectively. 7. The values of total ground reaction force by movement style are 1847 BW(running), 1176 BW (step), 917 BW(walking), 414 BW(standing-up), 265 BW(kick), and 135 BW(jump) respectively. And the grand total of these vertical ground reaction forces is 4754 BW. Based on these results, we can draw a conclusion as follows. First, aerobic students invested the largest portion of exercise time(592 seconds) to standing-up and down movement. It seems to be a characteristic of aerobic dance that the vertical ground reaction force of step movement was greater than those of both jump and running. Moreover, the vertical ground reaction force of aerobic dance walking turns out to be twice as great as that of ordinary walking. This can be explained by the fact that aerobic dance walking is characteritic of fore-foot landing. Via measuring ground reaction force of various movements, it was revealed that in stepping and walking, one can, by fully using fore-foot and knee joint, not only absorb passive impact but also utilize active muscle power effectively. For the next research, one may align all the exercise movements in the order of time and check whether a particular movement generates very high impact. Furthermore, if one compute energy consumption of each aerobic movement, then it will help analyse daily energy consumption and keep energy balance.

Key Words

조관식JoKwan-Sik , 박광동ParkKwang-Dong

DOI:

Abstract

The aim of this study is to find more effective and accurate performance technique of Morisue motion on parallel oars icy studying an ideal teaching method and its various techniques kinematically, and use them as a data to develop the movements. To achieve the purpose effectively, three of the superior gymnasts from the national representatives were made objects. And the picture of the motions were taken at film speed of 100frame /sec with an 16㎜ high speed camera, projecting with film motion analyzer. Eleven joint division points of the body were digitized once per two frames and by inputting time, displacement, velocity and angle variable to computer, I could compare and analyze the results kinematically. The results of the above process were as follows. First, as for a change of variable factor of time, to have a powerful turn, it is desirable to have short Moment Arm motion, while staying in the air, by shortening the necessary time from Rel. Phase to P ·H. Phase: and good to take enough time from P ·H. Phase to T ·B. Phase. Second, as for a position changes of center gravity, it is preferable to have a large trace of circle movement at T ·B. Phase with Tuck position, which has obtained powerful vertical climbing power by lifting up one`s body rapidly at Rel. Phase. Third, as for a speed changes of center gravity, making a fast horizontal ·vertical speed at Rel. Phase; and learning a turning power at P ·H. Phase: and at T ·B. Phase, reducing horizontal vertical speed by increasing inertia moment, which is available by extending one`s body, turned out to be the most necessary factor during the performance. Fourth, as for a change of angle variable factor, raising an angle of projection, flexioning Hip angle and Knee angle largely, and having a fast Tuck position at Rel. Phase; and extending Shoulder, Hip, Knee angle at T ·B. Phase turned out to be a good performance to continue the next movement comfortably. Putting the above results all together. I have realized that it is necessary to have lifting up one`s body and reducing inertia moment by rapid Tuck position at Rel. Phase. Shoulder angle and Hip angle works as a significant. factor to performance comfortably at T ·B. Phase and also, obtaining powerful vertical climbing power turned out to be the most significant factor to proceed Morisue motion to the final consequence, victory or defeat.

Key Words

최태희Tae-HeeChoi

DOI:

Abstract

In the case of swimming guide for two groups based on swimming ability ranged from 3.4 to 20.3 years, we analyzed the differences in the swimming distance and swimming velocity of the physical exercise intensity and the heart rate of the physiological exercise intensity, and obtained the following results : 1) The differences of swimming distance per hour and swimming velocity for the low and high groups are enlarged increasing age. 2) The physical differences of the two groups are sharp, while the physiological differences are not so sharp. The differences indicate that the low group has so low the efficiency of the swimming that they used their energy inefficiently. 3) Comparing our results with the exercise intensities for various lessons on land, although the swimming responsible for skills highly is represented with the difference in the swimming distance and velocity, it is indicated to a sport with small difference in ability because of intervening swimming efficiency in the view of the burden of the body.

Key Words

정의권 , 김기영

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

정상원JeongSang-Weon , 위성식WeeSung-Sik , 송주현SongJu-Hyun

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to establish marketing strategy of commercial sport organization through the analysis of membership and public consumer’s satisfaction pattern (expectation evaluation variable, result evaluation variable) participating in commercial sport center. The theories related with service business and sport service business, sport marketing will be discussed for object of this study. In this study, questionnaire used to inspect empirically various patterns of consumer behavior for the marketing strategy of commercial sport center. The 466 subject were selected from sport center consumers, who were classified into two group (Membership. Public) and asked to this questionnaire. On the basis of result analysed in this study, the conclusion could be drawn as follow. 1. The consumer behavior of sport center according to demographic background variables ways significant difference between membership group and public group (age, marry, education, income: P≤0.05-P≤0.001) 2. The sport consumer satisfaction type according to expectation evaluation variables, result: evaluation variable of sport consumer showed significant difference in type variable, conviction variable between memership group and public group. 3. The sport consumer satisfaction evaluation type variable according to expectation and result pattern showed nonsignificant difference in total type by age. 4. The sport consumer satisfaction evaluation type variable according to expectation and result. pattern showed significant difference in type variable, conviction variable, sympathy variable of two evaluation pattern by job. 5. Particularly, type variable showed significant difference according to backgroup variable in all expectation, result factor.

Key Words

조영호ChoYoung-Ho , 이상행LeeSang-Haeng

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the stud: was to investigate the relationship between communication styles and organizational effectiveness in business sport centers. 182 subjects were sampled from bowling and swimming centers located in Chun-Ju city using stratified cluster random sampling method. The questionnaire was used to collect data. do order to measure the communication style of sport center employee, the instrument developed by Chruder and Sherman (1977) was used, and to measure the organization effectiveness, the one developed by Engel, Blackwell & Kollat (1978) was used. The statistical methods utilized to analyze the data were ANOVA and multiple regression. The results obtained for the above analyses are the followings: Firstly, upward communication is higher as the class of job position is higher, downward communication is higher as the employees are men, thezr class of job position and income are higher, and informal comrnunication is higher as the employees are men, their education level. class of job position, and income are higher. Secondly, the organizational effectiveness of business sport center is not varied among the groups categorized by the business type and socio-demographic characteristics of the members. Thirdly, the job satisfaction of bowling center employee is positively related with horizontal and upward communication and negatively related with downward communication. The four styles of communication explains 22% of the variation of the employee`s job satisfaction. However, the job satisfaction of swimming center employee is not related with employee`s communication styles. Fourthly, the job flow of bowling center employee is positively related with horizontal communication. The four styles of communication explains 10% of the variation of the employee`s job flow. However, the job flow of swimrming center employee is not related with employee`s communication styles.

Key Words

조광민KwangMinCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems and make recommendations for community sport centers in terms of facility construction and management. Five hundred and eighty one program participants (72.6% of 800 potential subjects) and thirty two instructors and facility managers from four different community sport centers in Seoul were selected for this study. Fifty nine item questionnaire with 5-Point Likert Scale was developed by the author with appropriate procedure. The facilities were divided into five categories in this questionnaire: gymnasium, swimming pool, weight training room, rocker and shower room, and other facilities. Items under mean score of 3.0 were defined as problem for each facility. Following conclusions were made based on the analysis of collected data. 1. Program specialists who have much experience using this kind of facilities should be involved in the Facility Construction Committee to avoid common mistakes in constructing process. 2. Program analysis and feasibility study should be done before design phase so the community sport center should be able to provide necessary programs without sacrificing quality because of facility restriction. 3. District government should be careful to select the organization to manage the facility which should have successful experience to provide quality program. 4. Architect is one of the most important factor to build a successful community sport center. Architects which have much experience to work on the similar project should be selected.

Key Words

김장환KimJang-Hwan , 안창규AhnChang-Kyu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to apply and test lifestyle concept to clarify the process of decision making of sport consumer in the field of sport marketing research. Questionnaires containing 29 statements are administered to a total of 312 users of a privately owned indoor golf club in Pusan, Korea. Factor analysis is used to identify the overall structure of indoor golf club user`s lifestyle. Mean factor scores are then compared for differences in environment variable, price and brand choice decision making. And the multiple regression with stepwise method are used to estimate user`s the process of purchase decision making for sport goods. These results were as follows; 1) Social strata of users have mostly belong to middle and upper groups. 2) Lifestyle factors exist ten factors representing dimensions of lifestyle. 3) When differences between a purchasing condition of sport goods are considered, purchase decision making of produces shows in order of performance, brand, the quality of the material, and price, etc. 4) When environment factors are regressed to predict purchase decision making of sport goods, brand correlate with the component family and price correlate with the average of expenses, stage in the family cycle, and education. 5) When lifestyle factor scores are compared for differences in environmental factors, mean factor scores differ significantly for almost all there. 6) When lifestyle factors scores are contrasted with differences in purchase decision making, mean factor scores differ significantly for 3 of the 10 factor dimension.

Key Words

신재휴JaeHyooShin

DOI:

Abstract

This study aims at validating the following hypothesis: in French, the management of the local sport facilities has not adapted to the socio-economic environment of the sport installations. If this is so, we should observe an important rationalization effect of this management. The conclusion, from the case studied (city of Grenoble and its suburbs), is that this hypothesis can be validated for now. There are, however, cases of partial adaptations. The management of the local sport facilities remains by far submitted to a noncommercial logic, where the quality of the services and the optimal use of the facility prevails on the financial rentability (commercial logic).

Key Words

유경옥

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to critically examine the expressional characteristics in American modern dance works which are focused on Doris Humphrey’s, Martha Graham’s, Anna Sokolow’s and Merce Cunniham’s. In this study, a literature critical review was to used as a methodological inquiry. Various litreratures and critics in relation with so-called ‘expressional works’ in American modern dance from 1920 to 1960 were analytically reviewed for characterizing the style and method of choreography and dance expression. The following characterisitcs were identified as conclusions of this study: 1. American modern dance works with expressional orientation were influenced with the expressional characteristics of European expressional artists in termas of style and methodology. 2. In Doris Humphrey, expressional characteristics would be on the expressional style using the physical body which is an image for the soul or mind. 3. In Martha Graham, those characteristics were performed by expressing dancer’s innercharacter. And Graham innovated a kind of movement language for use with body expression 4. In Anna Sokolow, major characteristics were on the themes of dance works. Sokolow emphasized its direction on anomie, inner status of person, and existential problems. 5. In Merce Cunningham, choreographic style and expressional characteristics were emphasized on the surveying of motion. Motion in dance could not be pre-reserved by and kind of compositions. It is assumed that the motion is just the motion in dance. In conclusion, dance choreographers and dance works expressional characteristics in American modern dance, have contributed to the development of American modern dance from 1920 to 1960 and they have provided modern dance with new styles and forms, especially post-modern dance, in terms of choreography and expressional method.

Key Words

Chun Jae Park

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words